A. growth.
B. phototaxis.
C. respiration.
D. CO2 fixation.
E. N2 fixation.

Answer is: C

8-2. The essence of a multiline breeding strategy is to plant several strains of, e.g., wheat in the same field. The strains have in common ________.

A. one parent having desirable agronomic qualities, such as harvest date, etc.
B. both parents (parental lines), ensuring a limited diversity of resistance genes.
C. the number of longitudinal lines on the "flag" leaf, allowing uredial focusing.
D. aeciospore focusing pattern on their "flag" leaves.
E. gene pool limitations to virulence and susceptibility allelic mutational drift.

Answer is: A

8-3. The important method for controlling wheat rust, in the USA in practice, is:

A. coating seeds with fungicides.
B. use of insecticides.
C. heat-treating seeds.
D. use of fungicides in the soil.
E. breeding for resistance.

Answer is: E

8-4. Phytoalexins are very roughly analogous to _________.

A. antibodies
B. plant xylem
C. genes
D. alleles
E. hormones

Answer is: A

8-5. The site of plasmogamy, as part of a sexual cycle, for Puccinia graminis is:

A. in a corn kernel.
B. on an apple leaf.
C. on a barberry leaf.
D. on a wheat leaf.
E. in the teliospore.

Answer is: C

8-6. What usually causes the orange-red lesions of many rust species on grass blades?

A. urediospores.
B. teliospores.
C. basidiospores.
D. brandspores.
E. coremia.

Answer is: A

8-7. A problem with some of the fungicides used on crops today is that they really aren't all that toxic to living organisms in general--although they may be toxic to a particular fungus that you want to keep from attacking your crop. The problem with the use of these more fine tuned fungicides is that:

A. they have too broad a spectrum of activity.
B. relatively simple changes in the pathogens make them resistant to the fungicides.
C. most of them are more toxic to humans than were the older sprays.
D. they attract nematodes and other root-parasitic invertebrates.
E. most of them are poorly soluble in water.

Answer is: B

8-8. The rust Puccinia graminis has a septate basidium in the sense that

A. its teleutospores are 1-septate.
B. sterigmata are produced.
C. the filaments produced by a germinating teliospore are septate.
D. its basidiospores are septate.
E. basidiospores contain one nucleus, of either + or - genotype.

Answer is: C

8-9. A certain type of fossilized rust spore has been found in ancient deposits and identified as a relative of a particular extant rust. What type of spore was this?

A. spermatium
B. aeciospore
C. urediospore
D. teliospore
E. basidiospore

Answer is: D

8-10. Several arguments can be advanced for continued breeding for resistance to fungal attack. Which was not an argument?

A. If breeders relax selection for resistance, more frequent fungicide applications would be required.
B. More spraying of fungicides means greater risk of spray damage to the crop and to the environment.
C. It is not always possible for a farmer to spray when he or she should.
D. Seed costs are the largest percentage of farm production costs, and the added costs of resistant strains is the largest part of total seed cost.
E. Resistance provides protection when you cannot spray.

Answer is: D

8-11. New races of Puccinia graminis arise by:

A. genetic recombination on barberry.
B. mutation.
C. parasexual recombination on wheat.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above are true.

Answer is: D

8-12. The successive development of plant-pathogenic fungi capable of infecting successions of crop plants bred for resistance to them is a universal, human-directed phenomenon, well illustrated by wheat stem rust and wheat cultivars in many parts of the world; the basis for this phenomenon is the ______ between the host and the parasite, and the origin of virulent strains is thought to involve both ______ and ___________.

A. polymorphism/virulence/colonization
B. "Puccinia path"/wind/water
C. gene-for-gene relationship/mutation/recombination
D. aggressiveness/selection/polymorphism
E. hybridization/introgression/super genes

Answer is: C

8-13. Honey bees collect fungal spores as well as pollen. For example, honey bees have been noticed collecting urediniospores of a typical rust (e.g., Puccinia), in preference to pollen of flowers in the vicinity. As would be expected, the pellets comprising the loads of these bees' pollen baskets (corbiculae) were a ___________ color.

A. burgundy red
B. solid black
C. bright orange
D. dull tan
E. delicate lavender

Answer is: C

8-14. Your instructor argued for continued breeding for resistance to plant-pathogenic fungi. Suppose you wanted to argue against this position. Which one of the following is true and is an argument against continued breeding for resistance?

A. The economy is in terrible shape. The added expense of resistance genes, added to the price of seed grain or nursery stock is crippling for the farmer or orchardist, doubling his or her production costs.
B. The issue is trust. You can trust antifungal chemical sprays to kill fungi, year after year, reliably and without risk to the applicator or to the environment or the consumer. This is not true for resistance.
C. The question is morals. It is immoral to expose the public to the hazards of genetic control of plant resistance, whereas fungicidal sprays have no possible way to harm humans or wildlife, due to the immense biochemical differences between fungi and animals.
D. It's time for a change. Breeders have had a long time to breed for resistance, but the fungi change and attack the new cultivated strains. This seems to be an endless battle, a source of permanent employment for breeders.
E. None of the above are true.

Answer is: D

8-15. Insects can be important in the dispersal of ___________, and the fungus expends energy to attract insects to do this.

A. rust spermatia
B. smut sporangia
C. Sporobolomyces ascospores
D. Dacrymyces tuning forks
E. None of the above are true.

Answer is: A

8-16. A practical problem when dealing with plant disease caused by rust is to determine whether or not the causal fungus is macrocyclic and heteroecious. What does this mean?

A. producing all 5 spore forms and moving back and forth between 2 different hosts
B. producing dikaryotic hyphae than yield dikaryotic repeating spores (urediospores)
C. overwintering as a diploid spore and requiring living host tissue for growth
D. producing large conidia as well as small conidia, and having two sexes
E. producing only large, globose conidia, and having sexual reproduction

Answer is: A

8-17. One way to eliminate a parasite is to eliminate its host, but this strategy is not always theoretically correct. In theory, if all grasses on this planet were permanently eliminated, would Puccinia graminis be eliminated?

A. Yes
B. No
C. It is not possible to predict this.
D. It's been tried, and it didn't work.
E. None of the above is true.

Answer is: A. 8-18. It is now mid-summer in the Midwest. What stage in the life cycle of Puccinia graminis is being produced in greatest abundance now in Indiana?

A. basidiospores
B. spermatia
C. aeciospores
D. urediospores
E. teliospores

Answer is: D.

8-19. What stage is the teleomorph of a rust such as Puccinia graminis?

A. pycnidia with their spermatia
B. aecia with aeciospores
C. uredia with urediospores
D. telia with teliospores
E. the dikaryotic hyphae in the barberry leaf

Answer is: D.

8-20. What causes the dark, powdery appearance of smut-infected plant material?

A. basidiospores and budding yeast cells
B. teliospores (brandspores)
C. hyphae
D. urediospores
E. cystidia

Answer is: B

8-21. Where and/or when does meiosis occur in a typical smut?

A. When the teliospore (brandspore) germinates.
B. Inside the tissue of the host, at least in the case of Ustilago zeae (= U. maydis).
C. During the winter (at least in Indiana).
D. At the time of meiosis in the basidiospores.
E. It doesn't occur. Since there is no karyogamy in smuts, there is no meiosis.

Answer is: A

8-22. If you are served corn smut sori as part of an "ethnic night" supper in your dorm, your host for that dish is probably _________.

A. South African.
B. West African.
C. Japanese.
D. Hispanic.
E. Madona.

Answer is: D

8-23. Solopathic smut strains must produce infectious spores that are:

A. dikaryotic.
B. diploid.
C. dikaryotic and diploid.
D. dikaryotic or diploid.
E. None of the above are true.

Answer is: D

8-24. How important is corn smut to a typical Hoosier corn grower?

A. Not very important, but sometimes a bit of a nuisance.
B. Very important; one of the main limiting factors for economic survival; a disaster.
C. Highly welcome; a profitable addition; eagerly sought after.
D. A typical Hoosier farmer wouldn't recognize corn smut if it hit him/her in the face.
E. We don't have corn smut in Indiana.

Answer is: A

8-27. You saw two slides of jelly fungi that taught the principle that ___________.

A. all jelly fungi are amorphous.
B. jelly fungi have clavate basidia but lack sterigmata.
C. some jelly fungi have basidiomes that resemble cup fungi or coral fungi.
D. jelly fungi reduce photosynthesis of their host plant by physically blocking sunlight from reaching the leaves.
E. jelly fungi increase rates of host plant transpiration by physically breaching the epidermis and cuticle of the host.

Answer is:C

8-28. Please refer to slide # . This slide shows the diagnostic ____________ of Alternaria, a major allergen and important plant pathogen.

A. phaeodictyospores
B. phragmospores
C. muriform spores
D. staurospores
E. Two of the above are true.

Answer is: E Lecture topic #8 slide box #7, slide 11

8-29. Please refer to slide # . This is the common soil fungus Trichoderma, of great economic inportance as a source of industrial enzymes, and also used in biological control of other fungi. Here it is forming its greenish spore-bearing _________ on the soil.

A. synnemata
B. sporodochia
C. coremia
D. haustoria
E. telia

Answer is: B Lecture topic #8 slide box #7, slide 23
8-30. Please refer to slide # . This is called __________ of turfgrass, in this case (as is often, but not always, the case) caused by Fusarium.

A. mildew
B. rust
C. smut
D. rot
E. None of the above are true.

Answer is: E Lecture topic #8 slide box #7, slide 44

8-31. What is this, so common on Eastern Red Cedar?

A. rust
B. smut
C. a jelly fungus
D. a gasteromycete
E. brown rot

Answer is: A Lecture topic #8, Box #6, slide 46

8-32. What is this?

A. Ustilago maydis sori
B. Gymnosporangium forming the telial stage on the alternate host
C. Puccinia graminis uredia
D. Haustoria
E. pycnia of Puccinia graminis

Answer is: C Lecture topic #8, Box #6, slides 41 and 42

8-33. Suppose that you are a Peace Corps volunteer in a small farming village in a developing nation -- no running water, no electricity, no cash, but you do have a satellite link so that you can e-mail from your laptop to U.S. Department of Agriculture researchers back in Beltsville. The farmers are losing a quarter of their grain yield year after year due to a smut that clings to their seed grain, and in view of their tiny farms, that's a major blow to their food supply. It's quite possible that some advice from USDA and an inexpensive piece of equipment could allow you to control this problem. What is the piece of equipment?

A. waxer
B. soil cover
C. porcelain bedpan
D. thermometer
E. set of sieves

Answer is: D Lecture topic #8

8-34. What enzyme is used to release haustoria of Puccinia graminis from the host, as illustrated in lecture?

A. chitinase
B. amylase
C. chitin synthetase
D. Two of the above are true.
E. None of the above are true.

Answer is: E Lecture topic #8

8-35. What is this, so common on Eastern Red Cedar? It also parasitizes apple trees nearby. (Slide # )

A. rust
B. smut
C. a gasteromycete
D. brown rot
E. None of the above are true.

Answer is: A Lecture topic #8, Box #6, slide 46

8-36. What enzyme is used to release haustoria of Puccinia graminis from the host, as illustrated in lecture?

A. chitinase
B. amylase
C. chitin synthetase
D. Two of the above are true.
E. None of the above are true.

Answer is: E Lecture topic #8