A. Ustilago spp.
B. cup fungi.
C. Phallus sp.
D. Aspergillus sp.
E. Calvatia spp.
Answer is: C
17-2. Which one is the incorrect pairing?
A. Puccinia graminis:wheat rust
B. Phallus impudicus:fly agaric
C. Neurospora sitophila:bakery mold
D. Ustilago maydis:corn smut
E. Taphrina deformans:peach leaf curl
Answer is: B
17-3. It is said that 95% of the people killed by poisonous mushrooms each year are killed by Amanita phalloides. You could argue that this is an insignificantly small number of deaths in comparison to the number caused by fungi such as "histo," "cocci," and Candida albicans. You could go one step further in this listing of fungi which, either directly, or indirectly by the chemicals they produce, are responsible for a dreadful loss of human life and health and happiness. These worst of all fungi are ________ and its close relatives.
A. Taphrina deformans
B. Sclerotinia sp.
C. Ceratocystis ulmi
D. Endothia parasitica
E. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Answer is: E
17-4. Which group has the fewest species?
A. Phycomycetes
B. Deuteromycetes
C. Basidiomycetes
D. Ascomycetes
E. Myxomycetes
Answer is: E
17-5. Which would probably (most often, in general, but with plenty of exceptions) produce the most spores, a single
A. ascus of a true yeast.
B. sporangium of a phycomycete.
C. basidium of a rust.
D. basidium of a mushroom.
E. basidium of Dacrymyces.
Answer is: B
17-6. All but one of the following can easily be misidentified. Which one of the following is least likely to be confused with some other fungus?
A. the so-called vaginal yeast, Candida albicans.
B. the poisonous mushroom, Amanita phalloides.
C. the giant puffball, Calvatia gigantea.
D. one species of Aspergillus, as opposed to another species of Aspergillus.
E. one species of Penicillium as opposed to some other species of Penicillium.
Answer is: C
17-7. Fungi are not sensitive to penicillin, yet treatment of humans with penicillin all
too often does affect the population levels of certain fungi on or in the body. Explain.
A. Dermatophytic fungi are sensitive to penicillin.
B. When penicillin enters the blood it is carried to the lymph glands, where it is converted into amphotericin B. The latter chemical is antifungal.
C. When penicillin kills bacteria, fungi do not face as much competition or toxic chemicals and they proliferate.
D. Penicillin is a fungal product and is often contaminated with viable spores of the mold that produced it.
E. Penicillin binds to human DNA, causing frequent mutations during replication. This results in an impaired immune response, opening the door for fungi to invade.
Answer is: C
17-8. All but one of the following are nonsense; which one is most likely to exist?
A. ascocarp of Saccharomyces
B. clamp connection of the peach leaf curl fungus
C. stroma of a yeast
D. sclerotium of a yeast
E. stroma of an Ascomycete
Answer is: E
17-9. Beadle & Tatum (1941):
A. worked out the chemical basis of known genetic characters.
B. studied if and how genes control known biochemical reactions.
C. provided the best evidence of gene conversion at the time.
D. proved that Neurospora crassa is the best diploid organism ("system") for use in biochemical genetics.
E. assumed that, like for Allomyces, it would not be possible to induce mutations in Neurospora using X-rays.
Answer is: B
17-10. Which one is the incorrect association:
A. Neurospora: Pyrenomycetes
B. Neurospora crassa: the pink bread mold
C. soredia: lichens
D. smut: larch canker
E. city effect: lichens
Answer is: D
17-11. Which one of the following best illustrates the principle that, when a plant is
transplanted from its original place of natural occurrence to some new location, a fungus
that caused only a mild disease in the original place might cause epiphytotics in the new location?
A. Ceratocystis: from the Pyrenomycetes to the Plectomycetes
B. Erysiphe graminis: from monocots to dicots
C. larch canker in Europe: from mountains to lowlands
D. Neurospora sp.: from the petri dish to the bakery
E. yeast infections of AIDS patients: from Old World to New World
Answer is: C
17-12. Which one group is, in general, an important soil former?
A. truffles
B. hypogeous fungi
C. soft rot fungi
D. powdery mildews
E. lichens
Answer is: E
17-13. Discovery of which one of the following would cause the most drastic change in our concepts of the major groups of fungi--i.e., which of the following would demolish our classification of fungi into their major groups, using a broad definition of fungi?
A. A yeast lacking chitin.
B. An organism capable of growing as either a yeast or as filaments, depending on the environment.
C. A yeast with morphologically identical stages in its life cycle that differ in ploidy.
D. An Ascomycete that produces conidia under certain environmental conditions.
E. A hyphal organism that produces both endogenous and exogenous sexual spores.
Answer: E
17-14. All of the following can grow as yeasts in culture on agar media. All have been considered human pathogens by one expert or another. Which one is the least medical significance if your hospital reported it in your cultured skin scraping, in great quantity, this past September in the Midwest?
A. Candida albicans
B. Cryptococcus neoformans
C. Candida sp. (not defined to species by lab)
D. Ustilago maydis
E. Histoplasma capsulatum
Answer is: D
17-15. Occasionally one sees news reports about a "Creeping Blob" which is crawling over lawns like some science fiction monster. This is often actually: _________.
A. Olpidium sp.
B. Physarum sp.
C. an endobiotic, operculate, polycentric chytrid.
D. Coelomomyces.
E. Puccinia sp.
Answer is: B
17-16. Some fungi grow poorly on a heat-sterilized medium, but grow well on the same medium if
it is sterilized by filtration instead. A likely explanation is that the fungus:
A. cannot metabolize glucose.
B. is thermophilic.
C. requires intact thiamine.
D. is thermotolerant.
E. cannot use protein as a nitrogen source.
Answer is: C
17-17. All but one of the following are nonsense. Which one is most likely to exist?
A. clamp connection of a plant parasite
B. attachment point of a sporangiospore
C. attachment point of an ascospore
D. diploid basidiospore of a Phycomycete
E. dikaryotic basidiospore of a Phycomycete
Answer is: A
17-18. Which is the correct association?
A. spherocysts--Amanita
B. chytrids--basidiospores
C. agaric--tubes
D. universal veil--annulus
E. autolysis--Coprinus
Answer is: E
17-19. Which one statement is false?
A.An asexual spore produced externally on a cell is a conidium.
B.Conidia may be produced inside an open space in a structure which is itself composed of numerous cells.
C.Asexual spores produced within the cytoplasm of a larger cell are called ascospores.
D.Sex (in the fungi) is a process in which plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis follow one another in a life cycle in a fairly regular pattern.
E. The fossil record of fungi is poor relative to that of plants.
Answer is: C
17-20. All but one of the following fungi are to a significant extent soil fungi. Which one is not primarily a soil fungus?
A. Histoplasma capsulatum
B. truffles
C. mycorrhizal fungi
D. Trichoderma viride
E. powdery mildews
Answer is: E
17-21. Funding for research is static or declining in many subjects. In which one of the following would you predict the lowest level of support over the next 10 years (in relative or absolute terms)?
A. Chitin biosynthetic mechanisms.
B. Enzymology of selected Gymnoascaceae.
C. Taxonomy of Fungi Imperfecti.
D. Taxonomy of slime molds.
E. Ecology of Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton.
Answer is: D
17-22. Which of the following was most probably in that last breath of air which you just
inhaled?
A. conidia of Aspergillus sp.
B. ascospores of Tuber sp.
C. ascospores of Auricularia auricula
D. ascospores of a hallucinogenic species of Morchella
E. ascospores of Claviceps purpurea
Answer is: A
17-23. When your corpse rots, among the fungi which will most probably be involved will
be:
A. Puccinia sp.
B. Ustilago sp.
C. Agaricus bisporus
D. Aspergillus spp.
E. Erysiphe spp.
Answer is: D
17-24. Which of the following is the best example of an anamorph?
A. bark beetle
B. Beadle and Tatum
C. Neurospora crassa
D. Aspergillus fumigatus
E. smut teliospore (brandspore, chlamydospore, "smut spore")
Answer is: D
17-25. Which produces both a sclerotium and stromata:
A. smut
B. rust
C. soft rot fungus
D. ergot fungus
E. powdery mildew
Answer is: D
17-26. Many highly allergenic fungi form powdery, dark, radial (circular) colonies on painted surfaces. These fungi are probably members of the ______________.
A. tar spot fungi.
B. Dematiaceae.
C. soft rot fungi.
D. smuts.
E. smut fungi.
Answer is: B
17-27. Suppose you wanted to find a fungus that produced plant hormones in pure culture. Which of the following would be the best organism to test?
A. a powdery mildew.
B. lichen fungi.
C. a rust.
D. pectinase producing species which causes a softening of tissue of infected fruit.
E. a leaf parasite causing hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
Answer is: E
17-28. With one exception, each of the following has some aspect of its spore dispersal mechanism that makes it especially easy to isolate and grow in pure culture. Which is the one exception? (All can be grown in culture.)
A. the peach leaf curl fungus
B. mirror yeasts
C. truffles
D. Taphrina deformans
E. Sporobolomyces roseus
Answer is: C
17-29. _______________ are biological indicators of air pollution.
A. Smuts
B. Tar spot fungi
C. Lichens
D. Powdery mildews
E. Yeasts
Answer is: C
17-30. Which is most likely to be grazed on by a snail that is adapted to living in sunny dry places?
A. a lichen
B. ascocarp of Taphrina deformans
C. truffles
D. a powdery mildew
E. yeast ascocarp
Answer is: D
17-31. Which one of the following scenarios is least likely to be possible?
A. Revolutionaries supported by Cuba introduce the coffee rust fungus into a developing tropical nation for which the coffee crop is the main source of foreign exchange. The crop is devastated; plantations are knocked out of production for several years. Large numbers of peasants lose their jobs on the coffee plantations and crowd the cities, seeking employment or aid. But these poor peasants lack industrial skills, and the economy cannot provide jobs or aid. Riots occur; social turmoil reaches intolerable heights. The military responds by seizing control of the (formerly) freely elected government, and the country falls under the rule of a right
wing military leadership. This change antagonizes the U.S. President and Congress, and what little aid the country has been receiving from the U.S. is now cut off. Poor, hungry, jobless, ruled by a military leadership not of their own choosing, the peasants flock to a charismatic leader of the Cuba-backed revolutionaries. Revolution occurs, and a country once free and friendly to the U.S. enters into alliance with Cuba.
B. Inhabitants of a small isolated village in contemporary Peru have depended on their potato crop for many decades; it provides a major percentage of their total caloric intake. One year, the crop falls completely, due to attack by the potato late blight fungus. The people are hungry. They receive emergency food rations from a U.S.
sponsored relief organization, and thus become aware of and responsive to the U.S. government.
C. Blue mold attacks tobacco plants in a Caribbean island nation. The tobacco crop fails. Thousands of farm laborers and cigar makes are thrown out of work and flock to major cities seeking aid. The central government of this dictatorship fears rebellion among these unemployed workers and allows thousands of them to flee the country to a neighboring wealthy country.
D. Slime mold sporangia are formed in immense quantities on wood chips at pulp-and
paper factories, on bark chips at child care centers, and on logs at paper mill storage yards. With their source of paper endangered, their children sickened, and their lumber source contaminated, thousands of office workers and sawmill employees are thrown out of work or voluntarily withdraw from the work force. With communications centers and the construction industry in disarray, the stock markets of this developed nation are thrown into disarray, and a major financial depression ensues.
E. Thousands of AIDS patients develop life-threatening infections caused by fungal species which do not kill most non-immunocompromised people. Massive amounts of government funding are directed toward research on treatments for these fungal infections, resulting in improved treatment methods for organ transplant patients, leukemics, uncontrolled diabetes victims, and other people who in the past have been especially susceptible to serious infection caused by these usually more benign fungal species.
Answer is: D
17-32. Mycelial strands would be most likely to be produced by a/an _________.
A. rust.
B. Myxomycete.
C. ecologically obligate leaf parasite.
D. puffball.
E. teleutospore.
Answer is: D
17-33. Which one statement is false?
A. Deuteromycete = Fungi Imperfecti.
B. Asexual reproduction in Phycomycetes is by means of sporangiospores.
C. Fusion of motile gametes occurs in some Phycomycetes.
D. Zoosporic (= flagellated) Phycomycetes are called Zygomycetes.
E. Some fungi have two flagella on their flagellated cells.
Answer is: D
17-34. All of the following have one character in common. What one character do they all share? (Note: Not all members of a group need show this character; thus, each group given should be prefaced by "At least some.")
Smuts
Hemiascomycetes
Candida albicans
Taphrina deformans
Deuteromycetes
Ascomycetes
"Histo" (Histoplasma capsulatum)
Basidiomycetes
A. can grow as yeast
B. produces zoospores
C. has sexual reproduction including meiosis
D. is prokaryotic
E. produces spores (sexual or asexual) inside a closed fruiting body (of any size--it need not be visible to the naked eye)
Answer is: A
17-35. Discovery of which one of the following would force the least drastic change in the concepts we use to divide the fungi into their 5 major groups?
A. A filamentous fungus that produces exogenous sexual spores that germinate to yield either an amoeba or a flagellated cell, depending on the environment.
B. A yeast that produces both exogenous and endogenous sexual spores.
C. A filamentous fungus producing both exogenous and endogenous asexual spores.
D. A fungus capable of growing as either a yeast or as filaments, depending on the environment.
E. A mushroom identical to Agaricus bisporus in every respect except that it produces sporangia from the cells of its cuticle (epicutis).
Answer is: D
17-36. What is the ploidy of each cell of the following: most ascospores, hyphae in stem of a typical wild mushroom, monokaryon of Russula, tramal hypha of Russula.
A. n+n, n, n+n, n
B. n, 2n, n, 2n
C. 2n, 2n, 2n, n+n
D. n, n+n, n, n+n
E. n, n, n, n
Answer is: D
17-37. While you are reading these words, you are probably inhaling fungal spores. Which of the following are least likely to be in the air now in this room?
A. Aspergillus sp.
B. amerospores
C. tetraradiate conidia
D. phaeo- or hyaloconidia
E. blasto- or thalloconidia
Answer is: C
17-38. Which is the incorrect association?
A. Puccinia graminis--genetic variability
B. Puccinia graminis-genetic recombination on apple trees
C. Puccinia graminis-ecologically obligate parasite
D. Ustilago--sori
E. Ustilago--basidiospores
Answer is: B
17-39. In most areas of biology there are certain terms that are routinely used but are ambiguous
or unclear in their meaning. Two mycological terms in particular that are in this category are _________________
A. chlamydospore and aleuriospore.
B. birth scar and bud scar.
C. teliospore and teleutospore.
D. yeast and budding.
E. bipolar and multipolar budding.
Answer is: A
17-40. Which one mycological term is misspelled?
A. vulva
B. annulus
C. lamella
D. pileus
E. Penicillium
Answer is: A
17-41. Which one statement is false?
A. Most fungi can form spores.
B. Most fungi can be identified on the basis of their non-spore-forming stage.
C. Fungal spores may be unicellular or multicellular.
D. Plasmodial slime molds lack a filamentous stage.
E. Rhizoids have few or no nuclei, and have fairly limited growth.
Answer is: B
17-42. Which one of the following statements is false?
A.Medieval writers gave occult explanations for the origin of fairy rings: they were the work of the Devil, they were caused by dancing witches, etc.
B. Fungi grow on glass camera lenses, damaging the glass.
C.Selection favors those dung fungi capable of dispersing their spores beyond the zone of repugnance. In some cases, nematodes (incl. lungworms) are dispersed with the spores.
D.Fungi growing in the bag of a bagpipe cause lung disease of bagpipers.
E.Squirrels never eat morels (sponge mushrooms), yet morels are safe for most people to eat.
Answer is: E
17-43. In recent years, "Wanted" posters have appeared that illustrate and describe a particular fungus, and offer cash awards for discovery of strains that contain alleles not already known to science. What fungus is this, and why?
A. The Dry Rot Fungus/for commercial production of desiccants.
B. Agaricus bisporus/for commercial breeding programs for commercial cultivators.
C. Agaricus brunnescens/for increased toxin production in this hallucinogenic mushroom.
D. Lactarius sp./for chocolate production for candy manufacture.
E. Russula/Why not?
Answer is: B
17-44. _________ have caused and still do cause much human and livestock suffering, but their same active ingredients are, nevertheless, widely used in modern medicine.
A. Ergots
B. Dry Rots
C. Aflatoxins
D. Powdery Mildews
E. Truffles
Answer is: A
17-45. Many Ascomycete species make 4-spored asci; others make 8-spored asci. But asci with 3, 5, or 7 ascospores are not rare. What is their usual cause?
A. dedikaryotization
B. cystidia
C. abortion
D. complementation
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: C
17-46. Which one of the following is false about human fungal skin infections caused by
dermatophytic species?
A. Some cases are extremely difficult to cure permanently.
B. They were important to the US Army in Vietnam during the combat there.
C. The main prescription drugs available to treat difficult cases are potentially toxic to the patient.
D. Their cosmetic effect...their damage to the beauty of the body...can be significant and psychologically important.
E. Women do not get these infections.
Answer is: E
17-47. This fungus is allergenic, parasitic, and toxinogenic for humans. One of its toxins is an extremely potent carcinogen. The fungus is common in black pepper. Peanut butter is a food that is sometimes badly contaminated by its toxins.
A. Aspergillus flavus.
B. Agaricus brunnescens.
C. The Destroying Angel.
D. The Flesh of the Gods.
E. The Dog Phallus.
Answer is: A
17-48. The id response is, essentially, a/an ______________.
A. amnesia.
B. allergy.
C. hallucination.
D. convulsion.
E. gangrene.
Answer is: B
17-49. The food value of most mushrooms, in terms of essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins, or
other nutrients we need, compared to other foods such as you would grow in your garden,
is ________.
A. about the same, average.
B. very low...almost zero.
C. very high...vastly superior.
D. One cannot generalize like this.
E. This has never been determined.
Answer is: A
17-50. This fungus is allergenic, parasitic, and toxinogenic for humans. It is very abundant in
compost piles and similar warm places, such as alligator nests. It is probably in the air in this
room, now.
A. Agaricus brunnescens
B. The Dry Rot Fungus
C. Aspergillus fumigatus
D. Candida albicans
E. Amanita muscaria, the Fly Agaric
Answer is: C
17-51. Many hallucinogenic fungi owe their psychoactive properties to organic chemicals
that are analogs (chemical relatives) of ___________.
A. chitin synthetase.
B. RNA polymerase.
C. aphrodisiacs.
D. sex hormones.
E. neurotransmitters.
Answer is: E
17-52. What fungus is described here: This is a very dangerous fungus. It should not be grown
in a petri dish, and should not be grown at all in the lab unless special safety rules
(at the Class 3 level) are followed. It does not occur naturally in Indiana "in the wild." It has
a soil growing phase that makes arthrospores. It is a potential biological warfare agent.
A."histo"
B."cocci"
C.Candida albicans
D.Trichoderma spp.
E.Armillaria
Answer is: B
17-53. A point repeatedly emphasized in lecture might be an innocent explanation for the common occurrence of culturable corn smut spores in the sputum of sick Hoosiers:
A. Many Hoosiers use chewing tobacco.
B. Corn smut spores are locally very abundant in the air in Indiana.
C. Corn smut commonly causes a potentially fatal human lung infection called "cocci," or coccidioidomycosis.
D. Puccinia graminis is always present in Indiana, and by chance an already-sick person might inhale its distinctive teliospores.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: B
17-54. Most people who get infected with "cocci" never get any medication for this potentially fatal infection. Why not?
A. They probably never knew they were infected, and if they did, and did go to a physician, the physician reasoned that available drugs are toxic, and the body usually defeats the fungus anyway.
B. By the time you come to the attention of a physician, if you have "cocci," it is at autopsy.
C. Only the very poorest of the poor get this sexually transmitted disease, and they are too poor, too uneducated, and too alienated from society to seek and get medical attention.
D. The original question is a lie. Anyone with "cocci" is keenly aware of this form of athlete's foot, and promptly get satisfactory treatment with over-the-counter ointments.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: A
17-55. The reason ambrosia beetles need fungi can be summed up in one word:
A. chitin
B. alkaloids
C. cellulose
D. heat
E. water
Answer is: C Video
17-56. Perhaps the selective advantage of toxin production by grain-infesting molds is ________. (You saw this in a video.)
A. repulsion of rainwater due to hydrophobicity.
B. protection from predators such as mice.
C. spore dispersal by wind would be enhanced over spore dispersal by water.
D. The water transpired by the fungus would cause drying of the grain.
E. Self-heating of the molding grain would protect against frost damage.
Answer is: B Video
17-57. What animal is very strongly attracted to stinkhorns? (You saw a dramatic example of this in a video.)
A. hummingbird
B. squirrel
C. mouse
D. fly
E. slug
Answer is: D Video
17-58. Probably, the Dutch Elm Disease fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi, is most commonly
spread to undiseased trees by means of:
A. rain.
B. wind.
C. squirrels.
D. beetles.
E. voles.
Answer is: D
17-59. This fungus usually causes conspicuous hyperplasia (abnormal number of cell divisions) and hypertrophy (abnormal degree of cell enlargement) of its host, as you saw in slides:
A. Ceratocystis ulmi, the Dutch Elm Disease fungus.
B. Armillaria mellea, the bootlace fungus.
C. Candida albicans, the vaginal yeast.
D. Microsporum audouinii, a dermatophyte.
E. Taphrina deformans, the peach leaf curl fungus.
Answer is: E
17-60. You saw a highly memorable slide of immersion foot, caused by prolonged exposure to water, and heard of the U.S. Army's interest in these studies. One major reason for Army interest is loss of combat capability due to _______.
A. histoplasmosis.
B. coccidioidomycosis.
C. thrush (American meaning).
D. cryptococcosis.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: E
17-61. What is the minimum number of fungal thalli you would have to have to be fairly certain that genetic variation was present. (Use, as an example, a mold-filled culture dish.)
A. one
B. two
C. hundreds
D. many millions
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: A
17-62. These fungi do not, ordinarily, grow in the Bloomington area; it would be very difficult or
impossible to find them occurring naturally here:
A. Phallus, Mutinus, birdsnest fungi.
B. sulfur shelf, false morels, deadly poisonous Amanita spp.
C. rust, smuts, jelly fungi
D. Amanita muscaria, Calvatia gigantea, ringworm fungi
E. All of the fungi given above occur around here.
Answer is: E
17-63. Of all the groups listed below, which one is the most harmless with regard to human health, finances, etc.?
A. slime molds
B. polypores
C. deuteromycetes
D. ascomycetes
E.rusts
Answer is: A
17-64. Several poisonous species of mushrooms contain a toxin that inhibits RNA polymerase and
thus ________.
A. causes gangrene.
B. causes hallucinations.
C. stops protein synthesis.
D. increases keratin production.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: C
17-65. In general, hallucinogenic chemical compounds made by fungi are analogs of ____________.
A. ethyl alcohol.
B. DNA
C. RNA
D. prostaglandins
E. neurotransmitters
Answer is: E
17-66. A few fungi can make noises that are loud enough for us to hear. These noises are always associated with _________.
A. mating calls.
B. spore dispersal.
C. repulsion of predators.
D. insect predation.
E. spore germination.
Answer is: B
17-67. "No arms, no legs, no head, no brain, no eyes, no ears"...yet it creeps about the forest, engulfing the dead as well as the living, moving slowly from place to place seeking its food. What is it?
A. Basidiomycete
B. Ascomycete
C. Deuteromycete
D. Phycomycete
E. Myxomycete
Answer is: E
17-68. Necrosis is:
A. generalized cell death.
B. hypertrophy.
C. hyperplasia.
D. etiolation.
E. leaf abscission.
Answer is: A
17-69. These are especially abundant on dung:
A. Polypores
B. Smuts
C. Cup Fungi (Discomycetes)
D. Boletes
E. Stinkhorns (Gasteromycetes)
Answer is: C
17-70. When this type of spore is released from the cell that produced it, the producing cell usually keeps making more and more of the spores.
A. phialospore.
B. basidiospore.
C. sporangiospore.
D. ascospore.
E. More than one of the above is true.
Answer is: A
17-71. You isolate and grow a filamentous microorganism that seems to make two distinct types of spores: One type is produced in groups of 4, outside of a larger cell. The other type is produced in chains at the tip of a cell. You probably have
A. a deuteromycete.
B. an ascomycete.
C. a basidiomycete.
D. a phycomycete.
E. made a mistake.
Answer is: C
17-72. Which group of fungi has the ability to make the largest (most massive) fruiting bodies?
A. polypores
B. morels
C. rusts
D. yeasts
E. smuts
Answer is: A
17-73. Consider this organism: eukaryotic, reproduces sexually, photosynthetic, a flagellated stage occurs in the life cycle, meiosis occurs in the life cycle, several different phenomena in the life cycle increase genetic variability, contains no chitin. Which one of the following statements is true?
A. The organism must be a fungus, fungus-like organism, or Myxomycete.
B. The organism could be a fungus, fungus-like organism, or Myxomycete.
C. The organism cannot be a fungus or Myxomycete.
D. If the entire adult thallus of the organism is large enough to be seen with the naked eye, then it must be a fungus.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: C
17-74. Many species of fungi have the potential for anastomosis of thalli of compatible strains of the species. A majority of species of fungi have numerous haploid nuclei in their coenocytic assimilative stage. These two characteristics cause fungi to be:
A. small.
B. genotypically variable.
C. aerobic.
D. obligate outbreeders.
E. phenotypically simple.
Answer is: B
17-75. Rusts, smuts, polypores, boletes, morels, Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, jelly fungi, and Agaricus bisporus all share what feature or features?
A. Produce basidia.
B. Produce sexual spores.
C. Reproduce sexually.
D. Undergo mitosis.
E. Two or more of the above are true.
Answer is: D
17-76. A particular basidiocarp has a stipe and a pileus. The fungus could be:
A. a bolete.
B. a polypore.
C. an agaric.
D. a cup fungus.
E. More than one of the above is true.
Answer is: E
17-77. A particular fungus said to have clavate basidia, a stipe, a pileus, a hymenium with asci, cystidia in the hymenium, clamps on the tramal hyphae, a tube layer that is tightly attached to the rest of the cap, a woody texture, and amyloid ascospores is:
A. a bolete.
B. a tooth/teeth fungus.
C. an agaric.
D. a polypore.
E. not possible, according to our current concepts of fungal groups.
Answer is: E
17-78. The crop that most commonly poisoned peasants in Europe, causing ergotism, was _______.
A. maize.
B. potato.
C. pumpkin.
D. rye.
E. tobacco.
Answer is: D Library Video
17-79. Stinkhorns smell like __________.
A. rotting plant.
B. swine feces.
C. voles.
D. witches' spit.
E. dead animal (carrion).
Answer is: E Library Video
17-80. According to your reading assignment, preinoculation (= cross-protection), in which
application of a weakly pathogenic strain of a fungus protects a plant from a more virulent strain,
is __________.
A. receiving serious attention.
B. fraud, a lie, entirely without merit.
C. an honest error, now known to be a mistaken result of experimental error.
D. The most exciting development in modern agriculture, with hundreds of highly successful new products on the market now for use in immunizing plants.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: A
17-81. Why do mycologists in particular distinguish between plasmogamy and karyogamy? In other words, why do mycologists fuss over the distinction between these events more than, for example, a mammalologist would?
A. Because karyogamy does not occur in fungi.
B. Because plasmogamy does not occur in fungi.
C. Because of what intervenes between the haploid and diploid stages.
D. In order to distinguish between asci and basidia.
E. So that Woronin bodies will not be confused with dolipore septa.
Answer is: C
17-82. Larch canker caused by Lachnella did great economic damage when larches were transplanted from the Alps and Carpathians to lower altitudes in northern Europe, because:
A. larches cannot grow well at lower altitudes.
B. the climate at lower altitudes favored development of the fungus.
C. the fungus developed better in the shorter springs and shorter summers of the Alps and Carpathians.
D. All of the above are true.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: B
17-83. The overall conclusion one can draw from Black and Biron's 1982 paper on androstenol's effects on human behavior is that:
A. androstenol is a powerful aphrodisiac for attracting men to women.
B. androstenol is a powerful aphrodisiac for attracting women to men.
C. androstenol is a powerful aphrodisiac for humans, in terms of attracting men to women and women to men.
D. androstenol has a major effect on homosexual male-to-male attraction, but not female-to-female.
E. None of the above is true.
Answer is: E
17-84.To the Medieval mind, mushrooms were typically associated with __________, probably due to the quickness of their fruiting, and lack of understanding of their biology.
A. horses, rabbits, dogs, and fast-flying birds and insects
B. quickly moving storm clouds, rapidly rising tides, and other rapid changes in nature
C. the occult, evil, the devil, and witches
D. fire, ice, wind, and sunlight
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: C Video
17-85. A parasitic nematode of cows is spread to fresh grass blades by means of
A. nematode trapping (snare- or ring-producing) fungi.
B. splashing raindrops.
C. violently discharged (shot off) groups of fungal spores.
D. wind.
E. flies.
Answer is: C Video
17-86. Ambrosia beetles are
A. kept under control, in modern greenhouse cut-flower production, by spraying a fungus that parasitizes them.
B. able to grow in the bag of a bagpipe, where their fecal material causes various problems.
C. parasites of honeybees.
D. completely reliant on a fungus.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: D Video
17-87. Androstenol is produced by men, women, boars, and truffles. It has a __________.
A. symbiotic association with turnip plants
B. powerful inhibitory effect on mitotic spindle function
C. fungistatic effect on dermatophytes
D. musk-like odor
E. profound and compelling effect on human sexual behavior
Answer is: D
17-88. Suppose you are asked to suggest an organism that can be used as a source of telophase mitotic spindle apparatus material for use by a cancer researcher interested in studying the biochemistry of this spindle and its function in actively growing cells. Some of the desirable attributes of this organism are: it must grow in the lab without lots of fuss and bother, it can't be so dangerous that special skills or equipment are required for growing it, it should be easy to get at its organelles, and it would be nice if other cell biologists and biochemists had already published a lot of background material about the organism. You suggest:
A. any rust.
B. a particular non-cellular slime mold.
C. Histoplasma capsulatum.
D. any powdery mildew.
E. a particular actinomycete.
Answer is: B
17-89. Why would some biologists include jelly fungi, ear fungi, Septobasidium, rusts, and smuts all in one group?
A. They all produce basidiocarps.
B. They all lack basidiocarps.
C. All are obligate plant parasites.
D. All require 2 hosts for sexual reproduction.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: E
17-90. What is one valid definition of (an) anamorph?
A. asexual spore stage, conidium.
B. plasmodium, feeding stage.
C. endogenous, inside.
D. prolofic, very abundant spores.
E. able to look like two things at the same time.
Answer is: A
17-91. Why are drugs such as amphotericin B and ketoconazole ineffective against Pneumocystis carinii infections in AIDS patients?
A. These drugs cannot cross the blood-brain border.
B. AIDS patients do not produce the receptors needed for attachment of these drugs to fungal cells.
C. P. carinii grows too rapidly for these slow-acting drugs to save the patients.
D. P. carinii has ergosterol instead of cholesterol in its membranes, so the target of these drugs isn't available.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: E
17-92. You saw a video that, in a silly but memorable scene, dramatized the fact that playing the bagpipes can present a mycological hazard because:
A. bagpipe players' inevitable and frequent opportunities to march in parades expose them to spores of fungi that grow in the dung of parade horses.
B. diesel-fueled trucks that pull floats in the parades that bagpipe players so often march in expose the players to spores of the same fungi that grow in aircraft and ship diesel fuel tanks.
C. the Irish potato famine, caused by a fungus that grew on and destroyed plants and tubers in Ireland in the unusually wet years of the late 1840s, caused emmigration of many Irish to America, where they have a tradition of violent hostility to bagpipe
playing Scots in Saint Patrick's Day parades.
D. the mouthpiece of a bagpipe is traditionally made from partially rotted wood that is an attractive dark brown color, but the fungus that causes this rot also pruduced, into the wood, carcinogens that can cause lip cancer.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: E Video
17-93. A tenet of scientific skepticism is that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Thus, you need to be able to recognize "far out" (wild, paradigm shift, bizarre, very different from the norm) claims, so that you will know when to demand especially strong evidence. Which one of the following would be the most extraordinary claim?
A. Discovery of a fungus that can grow both as a filamentous mold and as a budding yeast, depending upon environmental conditions.
B. That a fungus could undergo karyogamy, but not meiosis, repeatedly, without formation of polyploids.
C. Discovery of a fungus that grows only on or in a living host plant or animal, but not in pure culture.
D. Discovery of a filamentous, microscopic, non-chlorophyllous, spore-forming organism that lacks membrane-bound nuclei.
E. That many species of fungi -- in fact, fungi in general -- can grow without organic carbon
sources, if placed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of high levels of CO2.
Answer is: E
17-94. How does the fungus cause the root of an ectomycorrhizal phytobiont to grow into the size and shape it does?
A. Mycorrhizae are especially beneficial for plants growing in poor soils.
B. The fungus is a more or less obligate root symbiont.
C. The fungus converts plant sugars into trehalose, mannitol, and glycogen.
D. The fungal "sheet of zinc" stunts growth of the plant roots.
E. The fungus produces plant growth hormones.
Answer is: E
17-95. "No arms, no legs, no head, no brain, no eyes, no ears"...yet it creeps about the forest, engulfing the dead as well as the living, moving slowly from place to place seeking its food. What is it?
A. Basidiomycete
B. Ascomycete
C. Deuteromycete
D. Phycomycete
E. Myxomycete
Answer is: E
17-96. A major lesson taught in the video showing brown rot of a pear, is that the pear was of no commercial value within a few ____________ after infection by the fungus.
A. minutes
B. days
C. weeks
D. months
E. seconds
Answer is: B
17-97. If a piece of bread, pile of dog feces, or rotting fruit is covered with cottony hyphae with tiny dark dots at their tips, what are these dark dots?
A. mycelia
B. plasmodia
C. asci
D. basidia
E. sporangia
Answer is: E
17-98. You saw a video that showed really nice close-up shots of ambrosia beetles in their fungus lined (and stained) tunnels in trees. What is it that these beetles get from the fungi that they grow in their tunnels?
A. phytoalexins
B. space
C. food
D. protection from birds
E. protection from other insects
Answer is: C
17-99. What was a key culture-conditions step in development of higher yield of penicillin, done at the USDA's Peoria, Illinois, lab?
A. anaerobic fermentation
B. fermentation at remarkably low temperature
C. addition of streptomycin sulfate to cultures
D. use of corn steep liquor
E. incorporation of a bacterial symbiont in the inoculum slurry
Answer is:DVideo
17-100. Which one of the following is false?
A. Enough penicillin was available to treat the many thousands of Allied casualties during the 1944 Normandy invasion.
B. The "Fleming Myth" regarding penicillin is that this one man deserves the lion's share of credit for the medical miracle, the revolution, brought about by penicillin.
C. Sequential mutation of a newly discovered strain of penicillin-producing mold led to the high-yielding strains so successful during WWII.
D. Fleming was obscure at the time of his death in 1929, but his name became famous within 2 decades and he posthumously received a Nobel Prize and was knighted.
E. Originally, penicillin was produced in surface culture, but yields were low until the development
of submerged culture.
Answer is: D Video
17-101. As seen in a video, puffball spores are commonly dispersed by ___________.
A. birds.
B. diesel-fueled ships.
C. cows, in their dung.
D. nematodes.
E. falling raindrops.
Answer is:EVideo
17-102. As illustrated in a video (with an exaggerated soundtrack), many cup fungi ______.
A.tip over when filled with rainwater, spilling their flagellated spores.
B.grow in diesel fuel, kerosene, and creosote, causing peculiar accidents involving aircraft, heaters, and trains.
C.obtain nitrogen by catching insects, especially flies.
D.trap nematodes that grow in bagpipes.
E.None of the above are true.
Answer is:E Video
17-103. What single event or development was most important in causing U.S. drug company executives and other U.S. decision makers to go from lukewarm to a high priority view concerning penicillin production?
A. the advent of AIDS
B. the battles of Ypres, Verdun, and the Somme
C. the Tet Offensive
D. seisure of the Pueblo
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: E Video
17-104. What exactly was Fleming's role in the penicillin saga?
A. discovered penicillin
B. discovered and purified penicillin
C. discovered penicillin and showed that it could save lives of WWI soliders injured in combat
D. discovered penicillin and showed that it cured bacterial infections in a wide range of lab animals
E. discovered penicillin and developed methods for large-scale production
Answer is: A Video
17-105. Here is another of those traditional questions. You saw a video that might settle an old debate. Ken Raper and other USDA Peoria lab scientists found a strain of penicillin producing mold that did well in submerged culture. Raper himself confirms the old story that the mold was isolated from __________.
A. a moldy cantaloupe from a Peoria market.
B. soil from the White House lawn.
C. himself.
D. a moldy American flag.
E. a puppy.
Answer is: A Video
17-106. Leaf-cutting ants are most likely to be found in:
A. our Midwest.
B. the Pacific Northwest's Fir forests.
C. reforested abandoned farmland of New England.
D. rain forests of Central America.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: D Video
17-107. Why do leaf-cutting ants cut leaves?
A. to eat them
B. to kill fungi with them
C. to inhibit fungi with them
D. to feed them to fungi
E. to stimulate new leaf growth
Answer is: D Video
17-108. Mushroom paper is usually encountered as:
A. toilet tissue.
B. cheap brown paper products such as cardboard.
C. ceramic-like tiles used as roofing.
D. cheesecloth used to make berry jelly.
E. objects of art.
Answer is: E Video
17-109. Millions of students have looked at living cells of baker's yeast under the light microscope and seen a large spherical object occupying much of the inside of the cell. They thought that they were seeing the yeast's nucleus, but actually they were seeing __________.
A. the mitochondrion.
B. the so-called "2 µm" plasmid.
C. ribosomes.
D. endosymbionts.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: E Video
17-110. Which one of the following is false?
A. Baker's yeast ferments starch to carbon dioxide and ethanol.
B. Penicillium camemberti grows on the surface of cheese; P. roqueforti grows in the interior.
C. Black bread mold is Rhizopus sp.
D. Beer yeasts can be divided into two main groups: top fermentors and bottom fermentors.
E. Leaf-cutting ants cut leaves.
Answer is: A Video
17-111. Please refer to SLIDE # . What is this?
A. Sulfur-shelf, Chicken-of-the-woods
B. Morel
C. Fly Agaric
D. Oyster
E. Chanterelle
Answer is: A Lecture topic#17; Box 2 Slide 2
17-112. Please refer to SLIDE # . What is this?
A. foliose lichen
B. crustose lichen
C. fruticose lichen
D. jelly fungus
E. blight
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17; Box 2 Slide 28
17-113. Please refer to SLIDE # . What is this?
A. blight
B. a mycorrhiza
C. ergot
D. cytochalasin
E. lovastatin
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17; Box 2 Slide 39
17-114. Please refer to SLIDE # . What is this?
A. oyster
B. false morel
C. chanterelle
D. truffle
E. morel
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17; Box 2 Slide 40
17-115. Please refer to SLIDE # . What is this?
A. morel
B. false morel
C. coral fungus
D. stinkhorn
E. polypore
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17; Box 2 Slide 74
17-116. Please refer to SLIDE #116. What is this about?
A. Fly Agaric
B. morels
C. truffles
D. Psilocybe spp.
E. stinkhorns
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17; Box 1 Slide 6
17-117. Please refer to SLIDE # . At least according to classical taxonomic systems, this fungus is most closely related to which of the following?
A. bird's nest
B. polypore
C. rust
D. smut
E. jelly fungus
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17; Box 1 Slide 12
17-118. Please refer to SLIDE # . What is this?
A. yeast
B. jelly fungus
C. dry rot
D. a slime mold
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17; Box 1 Slide 29
17-119. Please refer to slide # . This is a typical endoscopic view of esophagitis caused by _____________ in an AIDS patient.
A. Histoplasma capsulatum.
B. Cryptococcus neoformans.
C. Coccidioides immitis.
D. Candida albicans.
E. Aspergillus niger.
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17; Box 1 Slide 48
17-120. Please refer to SLIDE # . What are these?
A.jelly fungi
B.slime molds
C.yeasts
D.members of the Gymnoascaceae
E.members of the Eurotiaceae
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17; Box 1 Slide 55
17-121. Please refer to SLIDE # . What is this?
A. the lichen, British Soldiers
B. Taphrina deformans
C. Tuber sp.
D. Morchella sp.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17; Box 1 Slide 74
17-122. Please refer to Figure at the back of your exam. Which one is Aspergillus?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17
17-123. Please refer to Figure at the back of your exam. To which of the following does this organism belong?
A. chytrids
B. Ascomycetes
C. Deuteromycetes
D. Zygomycetes
E. Myxomycetes
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17
17-124. Which one is most likely to be the most incorrect or unlikely association?
A. Cotton-like "fuzz" on bread, with blackish "pinheads": Rhizopus
B. Green or blue powdery growth on citrus fruit: Penicillium
C. Blackish spots on paint: Aureobasidium pullulans
D. Bright orange crust on tombstones: Auricularia auricula
E. Served at supper at a New York City restaurant: Cantharellus sp.
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17
17-125. Please refer to Figure at the back of your exam. This illustrates (in black) the distribution of ______________.
A.mycotoxicoses due to aflatoxins in locally raised peanuts.
B.corn smut (Ustilago maydis) during times of hunger during the Middle Ages.
C.Perigord black truffle production.
D.coccidioidomycosis.
E.None of the above are true.
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17
17-126. Humidifier fever most closely resembles ________________.
A. lung cancer.
B. cholera.
C. Amanita muscaria poisoning.
D. flu.
E. None of the above are correct.
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17; Video
17-127. Which one of the following is least likely to be a significant variable in diagnosis and remediation of Sick Building Syndrome?
A. carbon dioxide concentration in the air
B. mold and bacteria in the air
C. type of fluorescent lights in use
D. solvents and disinfectants in the air
E. UV irradiation levels
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17; Video
17-128. Which one of the following symptoms will almost always be reported in an outbreak of
Sick Building Syndrome?
A.menstrual disorders
B.bradycardia
C.tachycardia
D.headaches
E.tachycardia
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17; Video
17-129. Please refer to Figure at the back of your exam. To what group of mushrooms does this passage refer? There are clues throughout the passage.
A. agarics
B. chanterelles
C. boletes
D. polypores
E. More than one of the above is true.
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17
17-130. Please refer to Figure at the back of your exam. One would predict, a priori, that the ploidy of the spores being dispersed here is _________.
A. n
B. n + n
C. 2N
D. 2N - 1
E. 2N - 2
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17
17-131. According to the "Can Buildings Make You Sick video, the very first step a
consultant should take in investigating a claim of Sick Building Syndrome is ______.
A. interview the building's occupants.
B. evacuate the building and lock all exterior doors.
C. buy a copy of the local newspaper and figure out the political "temperature" of the community.
D. test the incoming water supply (humidifier, drinking fountains, etc.) for iron.
E. release a small amount of carbon-14-labelled carbon dioxide in the basement and measure where
the label ends up.
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17; Video
17-132. The video "Can Buildings Make You Sick" emphasizes that classical Sick Building Syndrome is most likely to occur in ___________.
A. old wooden buildings that are less than 3 stories tall and have a basement.
B. long, low, cinderbrick buildings built on concrete slabs without a basement.
C. mobile homes (trailers), especially those that are not all-aluminum.
D. air-conditioned, climate-controlled, sealed, modern office buildings.
E. any structure in which humidity is added to the air by running the mains ("city water
supply) directly to nozzles that spray water into the air.
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17; Video
17-133. Please refer to Figure at the back of your exam. What disease or fungus is discussed here?
A. Armillaria mellea Root Rot
B. Dutch Elm Disease
C. Taphrina deformans
D. Dry Rot
E. Aureobasidium pullulans
Answer is: B Lecture topic #17
17-134. What is the common name of the fungus described in Figure at the back of your exam?
A. artist's fungus, artist's conk, etc.
B. tinder fungus, tinder conk, etc.
C. razor strop
D. brown rot
E. None of the above are correct.
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17
17-135. Please refer to Figure at the back of your exam. What fungus is described here?
A. jelly fungi
B. stinking smut
C. stinkhorn
D. deadman's fingers
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17
17-136. Raindrop dispersal of reproductive propagules is important for:
A. truffles
B. earthstars
C. smuts
D. birdsnest fungi
E. Two of the above are true.
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17 Video: Rotten World
17-137. Suppose that you isolate a fungus that produces spores having an attachment point, scar, or "frill". The spores are formed by breaking up of a hypha. You want to "do some genetics" on this isolate because it is of great medical or industrial importance. You try parasexual recombination, but it is too inefficient, so you try to induce the cultures to form _____, using some of the variables taught in this course. (In fact, there is a reasonable possibility that the fungus will do this, and then you can do normal genetic manipulations with it.)
A. endogenous spores.
B. conidia.
C. Woronin bodies.
D. microbodies.
E. De Bary bubbles
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17
17-138. If the only spore stage a fungus produces has an attachment point, and if diligent study fails to find evidence of meiosis, then you expect that, most probably, the fungus _____.
A. is "non-septate".
B. produces clamps.
C. has septa with simple pores.
D. has a flagellated stage.
E. can grow at high osmotic concentrations.
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17
17-139. Which one of the following is not both a scientific reality and a commercial success?
A. Tomato cultivars, available to the home gardener, that are tolerant of Alternaria, Fusarium, and Verticillium.
B. Medicines, derived from fungi, that help prevent hardening of the arteries.
C. Fungal enzymes that convert high glucose syrup to high fructose syrup, so that sucrose can be replaced by fructose in drinks and confectionery.
D. Plantations of eucalypts inoculated with the Golden Chanterelle, producing crops of fruiting bodies throughout the Australian summer.
E. A fungal product that suppresses those parts of the human immune system that would lead to rejection of a transplanted kidney, without suppressing the entire immune system so severely that the patient dies from infections and cancers.
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17
17-140. What evidence do we have that mushrooms were eaten in ancient (Ancient Greek or Roman) times?
A. Sales records of marketing of corn smut, Ustilago maydis, in ancient times.
B. Art from that time period, illustrating known and recognizable edible mushrooms in obviously culinary settings.
C. Historical tales of consumption of wild mushrooms.
D. Epic poetry by Homer describing cultivation and harvesting of plantations of truffles and chanterelles, and their uses as aphrodisiacs.
E. Two of the above are true.
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17 (Pompeii, Claudius Caesar) 17-141. Compare the global distribution of histoplasmin sensitivity and coccidioidin sensitivity. (Coccidioidin is analogous to histoplasmin.) Use the scale of a U.S. state or comparable geographic area in other countries.
A. The distributions are totally different, with no overlap possible whatsoever.
B. The distributions are quite different in terms of relative frequency, but some overlap possibly occurs.
C. The distributions of both are so random that overlap must occur.
D. The distributions of both are so random that overlap cannot possibly occur at all.
E. These data do not exist. That's a big problem.
Answer is: B Lecture topic #17
17-142. Some fungi are notoriously difficult to identify because "they all look the same" -- that is, there is relatively little for the lab technician to see for use in pigeon-holing a specimen into a species. Which one of the following is most notorious in this regard, forcing us to use non-morphological characters for identification?
A. jelly fungi
B. rusts
C. smuts
D. meiotic spore-producing stage of polypores and other wood-rotting fungi
E. assimilative stage of yeasts
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17
17-143. Your instructor is becoming increasingly interested in fungi that colonize the Salem Limestone that is exposed so abundantly in south-central Indiana and is used in construction of buildings. Most conspicuous and defacing of these fungi are the _______.
A. rusts.
B. smuts.
C. powdery mildews.
D. lichens.
E. None of the above.
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17
17-144. Some fungi make structures that are so distinctive that even a quick glance allows you to make a preliminary ("presumptive") identification -- often with enough certainty to allow tentative diagnosis and actual treatment of an illness. For which of the following is this true?
A. assimilative cells of Cryptococcus neoformans
B. the large (macro-) conidia of Histoplasma capsulatum
C. conidia of Aspergillus niger
D. KOH-treated toenail clippings with Trichophyton rubrum
E. More than one of the above is true.
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17 (essentially all 4)
17-145. The Black and Biron (1982) study of androstenol as a human pheromone is heavily cited and has been an influential research publication. As you read the information given to you, however, you must have been impressed by one aspect of the research that has to be considered a strong negative with regard to broad applicability or generalization of the authors' conclusions:
A. Only men were studied.
B. Only women were studied.
C. The number of experimental subjects was low... only a few dozen of each sex.
D. There was no no-odor control.
E. There was no control that had an odor but the odor wasn't caused by androstenol.
Answer is: C Lecture topic #17
17-146. A single 15 centimeters tall basidiome (basidiocarp) of a deadly poisonous Amanita such as the Death Cup/Death Cap has enough toxin to kill: (Select the highest number; I've used the language of a video you saw.)
A. a child
B. a couple of people
C. a family of 5
D. an infantry platoon
E. an entire battalion
Answer is: B Lecture topic #17 Video: Rotten World
17-147. We argue about the destructiveness of mushroom collecting. Your instructor took the side of those who claim that collecting wild mushrooms is analogous to picking an apple from an apple tree: The tree is unharmed. However, he did mention that he has pretty much stopped collecting one sort of wild fungus, due to his sense of conservationism, or perhaps his guilt or fear of being caught despoiling nature. He is not alone in feeling that collecting does have an obvious downside, and probably shouldn't be allowed in nature preserves, public parks, on the IU Campus, etc.
A. slime molds
B. polypores
C. rusts
D. truffles
E. stinkhorns
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17
17-148. What is the Hawthorn Effect?
A. A rust requires two different host plant species to complete its life cycle, and has no effect on either host plant with regard to seed production.
B. A slime mold plasmodium can act as a pH indicator, turning different colors depending on the pH of its surroundings.
C. People behave the way they think investigators want them to behave.
D. Diabetics whose diabetes is poorly controlled are sitting ducks for mycoses.
E. Several different molds are commonly found growing on moldy paint, but only one species is The Paint Fungus.
Answer is: C Lecture Topic #17 Video: Sick Building
17-149. Which one of the following is false?
A. If a conidium contains an even number of nuclei, mitosis must have taken place in the conidium after the conidium was formed.
B. Fungal nuclei are small relative to nuclei of other eukaryotes.
C. Actinomycete hyphae are too narrow to see with the naked eye. Fungal hyphae are often wide enough to be seen with the naked eye.
D. Budded cells of a budding yeast are conceptualized as conidia, even though they are also assimilative.
E. Chytrids are zoospore producers.
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17
17-150. Suppose that you are a researcher and need to find an organism that has certain remarkable properties. Four of the following are the correct pairing of phenomenon and example. Which one is wrong?
A. immense amount of tissue in which an enormously large number of meiotic nuclear divisions occurs: The Giant Puffball, Calvatia gigantea
B. synchronous mitotic nuclear divisions in an immense coenocyte: the plasmodial slime mold, Physarum polycephalum
C. commonly able to penetrate the notoriously resistant cell wall of pollen grains: chytrids
D. having both haploid and diploid assimilative in its life cycle: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
E. a readily available and inexpensive source of alpha-amanitin for molecular biology experiments in which one wants to block RNA polymerase activity: Quorn, Claviceps purpurea
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17
17-151. The heavily cited Black and Biron (1982) study of androstenol as a human pheromone concluded that androstenol ______.
A. cannot be perceived by most men.
B. cannot be perceived by most women.
C. influences women's ovulatory timing.
D. is not produced by men, but is produced by bacteria in men's armpits, from a chemical that is secreted there by the men.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17
17-152. One hears people say that mushrooms seem to "pop-up overnight." How long does it take a stinkhorn (e.g., Phallus sp.) stem to elongate?
A. a few minutes
B. an hour or so
C. about 8 hours
D. about 12 hours
E. one or two days
Answer is: B Lecture topic #17 Video: Rotten World
17-153. Of all of the commercially cultivated edible fungi, this seems to be the most amenable to being grown on a wide range of substrates, giving maximum flexibility to development of commercially successful processes in diverse countries and economies. This has been successful in many ways, in many places, as you saw and heard repeatedly in lecture.
A. Oyster Mushroom
B. Morel
C. Chanterelle
D. Truffle
E. Ergot
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17
17-154. The video "Can Buildings Make You Sick" emphasizes that classical Sick Building Syndrome is most likely to occur in _______________.
A. old wooden buildings that are less than 3 stories tall and have a basement.
B. long, low, cinderbrick buildings built on concrete slabs without a basement.
C. mobile homes (trailers), especially those that are not all-aluminum.
D. air-conditioned, climate-controlled, sealed, modern office buildings.
E. any structure in which humidity is added to the air by running the mains (city water supply)
directly to nozzles that spray water into the air.
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17 Video
17-155. Humidifier fever most closely resembles ___________.
A. lung cancer.
B. cholera.
C. Amanita muscaria poisoning.
D. flu.
E. None of the above are correct.
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17 Video
17-156. Which one of the following is least likely to be a significant variable in diagnosis and remediation of Sick Building Syndrome?
A. carbon dioxide concentration in the air
B. mold and bacteria in the air
C. type of fluorescent lights in use
D. solvents and disinfectants in the air
E. UV irradiation levels
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17; Video
17-157. Please refer to slide # . This fungus produces a hymenium of septate basidia but is not included in the taxon that includes the rusts. Why not? Because this fungus ________.
A. is relatively amorphous.
B. produces a basidiome (basidiocarp).
C. obtains its nutrients totally from a tree.
D. shoots its basidiospores into the air.
E. has haploid nuclei in the cells of the stage shown here.
Answer is: B Lecture topic #17 Box #1, slide 34 (Auricularia)
17-158. Please refer to slide # . Suppose that you have isolated a promising anti-something-or other drug from this species and several other species in the same genus and family. You want to find closely related molecules having greater stability, fewer side effects, and a broader spectrum of activity, so you want to test species that are as closely related as possible to this fungus. What do you test?
A. The Turkey-tail
B. The King Bolete
C. Witche's Butter
D. The Dog Phallus Stinkhorn
E. Russula emetica
Answer is: D Lecture topic #17 Box #1, slide 59 (birdsnest)
17-159. Please refer to slide # . Your instructor gave both his own opinion and the opinion of leading mycologists and biomedical researchers concerning the major conclusions of this book:
A. enthusiastic acceptance.
B. grudging acceptance.
C. ignorance or indifference.
D. perspiration, salivation, and lacrimination.
E. extreme skepticism, doubt, rejection.
Answer is: E Lecture topic #17 Box #1, slide 36
17-160. Please refer to slide # . To which of the following fungi could this possibly belong?
A. a Chanterelle, Cantharellus cibarius
B. the Black Bread Mold, Rhizopus
C. the plasmodial slime mold, Physarum
D. the Deuteromycete Trichophyton rubrum
E. the Black Perigord Truffle, Tuber melanosporum
Answer is: A Lecture topic #17 Box #4/5, slide 2
17-161. One of the often-mentioned aspects of the Black & Biron (1982) paper on putative aphrodisiac properties of androstenol is the way in which the androsterol and control substances were presented to the subjects; this research project stands out from others in this regard. How were the androstenol and control chemicals used?
A. Restroom stalls were sprayed.
Answer is: E Lecture topic #18; Take home lecture
17-162. According to your take-home lecture, which one of the following is a false statement about androstenol?
A. Androstenol is produced by both men and women.
17-163. Your take-home lecture on sex attractants included illustrations which showed the truffle cultivation is in progress in ______.
A. Newfoundland
Answer is: C Take-home lecture
(dolipore Þ Basidiomycete)
B. Sexually aroused women were injected.
C. Photos of "sexy" women were dipped.
D. Job applicants sat on waiting room chairs coated with the substances.
E. Confederates applied the substances to wrists and behind each ear.
B. Human androstenol is secreted by axillary sweat glands.
C. The chemical structure of androstenol is quite similar to that of testosterone and estrogens.
D. Androstenol has a musk-like odor.
E. Black & Biron's 1982 report, discussed in detail in your handout, concluded that androstenol had a significant effect on perceived attractiveness.
Answer is: E Lecture topic #18; Take home lecture
B. Finland
C. New Zealand
D. Burundi
E. Rwanda