A. always the same.
B. always different.
C. based upon the name of the green alga partner.
D. based upon the name of the blue-green alga.
E. the same if the fungus dominates, but usually different if the algae dominate.
Answer is: A
13-2. Some perennial mycelia of agarics are thought to be hundreds of years old, growing radially through the soil. Some polypores are decades old, their basidiocarps showing many annual layers of tubes. Some _________ are a hundred years old or much older, apparently being able to defend themselves against predation.
A. smut sori
B. jelly fungi
C. vegetable soft rots
D. yeast ascocarps
E. lichen thalli
Answer is: E
13-3. You meet a professional biologist on the trail along a rocky promontory beside the sea. S/He has a powerful forearm. His/her backpack sags with the weight of a hundred pounds of specimens. S/He carries a heavy hammer and a large chisel in his/her belt. You surmise that s/he is collecting ___________.
A. morels.
B. endophytes
C. truffles
D. crustose lichens
E. powdery mildews
Answer is: D
13-4. When a space satellite crashed in the far north, in an area intermediate between tundra and northern conifers, spreading radioactive material about, what group of organisms was assayed to determine the biological significance of the radioactive materials? The same organisms were monitored after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident.
A. morels
B. Neurospora
C. jelly fungi
D. smuts
E. lichens
Answer is: E
13-5. The first decision you must make in identification of a lichen concerns:
A. the size and color of the soredia.
B. ascospore size.
C. the algal partner(s).
D. thallus morphology.
E. ability to concentrate minerals.
Answer is: D
13-6. When the fungal component of most lichens reproduces sexually, it is most likely to form:
A. apothecia.
B. conidia.
C. basidiospores.
D. ascospores.
E. More than one of the above is true.
Answer is: E
A. Fewer species, less coverage.
Answer is: A
A. Lichens flourish in cities.
Answer is: C
13-9. The commonly used term "lichen acids" is misleading, because:
A. not all these compounds are acids.
Answer is: A
13-10. A lichen is growing happily on the trunk of a living tree. Which of the following situations is most likely to keep it happy--that is, to encourage it to continue growing on that tree as long and as normally as possible?
A. Death of the tree.
Answer is: E
13-11. ___________________ were of economic importance as dyestuffs (sources of dyes).
A. Truffles
Answer is: C
13-12. Usnic acid (available under the trade name "Usno," etc.) is:
A. a coal-tar dye substitute for dying Harris tweeds.
Answer is: E
13-13. Most of the mass of most lichens in temperate regions is made up of ______________.
A. the fungal partner.
Answer is: A
13-14. Reindeer in the arctic tundra eat lots of _______________.
A. dry rot.
Answer is: B
A. mushrooms
Answer is: D
13-16. The results of the Black and Biron (1982) study of the effects of androstenol on
judged physical attractiveness of an opposite-sex confederate, described in detail in your
take-home lecture, support the hypothesis that androstenol has:
A. no statistically significant effect on perceived attractiveness.
13-7.I have often wondered why cities aren't built out in the countryside--the air is so much cleaner there. Seriously, though, what would be the most probable effect of "citification" of a rural area on the lichens which grow on trees and rocks there? (Assume that we are not considering direct destruction of the lichens by chopping down of trees, covering of rocks, etc.) In other words, what is the so-called city effect?
B. Fewer species, more coverage.
C. More species, less coverage.
D. More species, more coverage.
E. More species, coverage change unpredictable.
13-8. What is the "city effect" with regard to lichens?
B. Lichens grow on walls and glass in cities.
C. Lichens are less abundant and diverse in cities than in the countryside.
D. Lichens contribute to SO2 in the air in cities.
E. Chemical strains of lichens are especially well studied in cities.
B. most of them are also made by mycorrhizal fungi.
C. their radioactivity is more important (biologically) than their acidity.
D. they were not produced before air pollution (caused by man) became a problem.
E. they are pH indicators, which is more important than their acidity.
B.180° rotation of the tree (Pretend that this is possible: perhaps the tree is in a pot.)
C. Great increase in automobile traffic in the vicinity of the tree.
D. Cutting of all trees in the vicinity of the tree.
E. No change whatsoever.
B. Sclerotia
C. Lichens
D. Smuts
E. Stromata
B. a lichen.
C. a skin rash of Canadian woodcutters.
D. a radioactive compound accumulated in lichens from nuclear bomb tests.
E. a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain lichens.
B. the algal partner.
C. the Angiosperm partner.
D. the Gymnosperm partner.
E. It is not possible to generalize in this way.
B. lichens.
C. truffles.
D. thermophilic fungi.
E. RNA polymerase.
13-15. In alpine and arctic tundra ecosystems, ___________ are often the main primary producers.
B. molds
C. yeasts
D. lichens
E. polypores
B. a small, but statistically significant, effect on perceived attractiveness.
C. a great effect on perceived attractiveness: it increases attractiveness.
D. a great effect on perceived attractiveness: it decreases attractiveness.
E. None of the above are true.
Answer is: A